In Finite Forms they were: mood (3), tense (2), number (2), person(3).
1) There were 3 moods: Ind, Subj, Imp. They had approximately the same meanings which they have today with the exception of the Subj Mood, which was frequently used to express a problematic action and was found in indirect speech. It was much more often than in the Present.
2) The OE verbs had 2 tenses: the Present and the Past. The present form was used to denote both tenses present and future (..to denote Pr and Future actions as in other Germanic langeages). There were no analytical forms, only inflexion. Futurity was shown lexically with the help of adverbial modifiers and the context. It is true that in OE there were combinations with the verbs: sculan (shall), willan (will), but they had there own lexical meaning. They were not auxiliary verbs. From these constructions the future forms (the future tense was) were formed later.
3) The category of person was represented only in the Indicative sg and in the Imperative in OE. There was no indication of person in the Ind pl or in the Subj forms. (One form for all persons.) Three persons were distinguished only in the present tense of the Ind Mood.
4) The Ind and Subj had 2 numbers in both tenses. The Imp Mood also distinguished 2 numbers. No dual number. At that time they were ?homonymous? forms. In the Subj M the past and the present pl were the same and also in the sg present and past. In the Indicative they were homonymous forms in the sing and plural. Lōcian (look) wv2 (weak verb class 2).
Tense
Only two tenses are distinguished by inflexion, present and past (sometimes called preterite in the grammars); both cover a wider range of meanings than they would in Modern English. So he cymeth (present tense) could mean ‘he comes', ‘he is coming', or ‘he will come'; he com (past tense) could mean ‘he came', ‘he has come', ‘he was coming', or ‘he had come'. However, the periphrastic tense-forms (i.e. forms with ‘have', ‘will', ‘be', etc., plus infinitive or participle) illustrated in the translations here are already beginning to develop in Old English.
Mood
OE verbs, like MnE verbs, have three moods, indicative (for statements and questions), imperative (for commands), and subjunctive (for wishes, hypothetical conditions, etc.). The main point of difference here is that in MnE we use the subjunctive mood much less frequently, and have few distinctive subjunctive forms (see your Traditional Grammar booklet, 2.6.iii) c), and Mitchell & Robinson, Index of Subjects, under "Moods"); OE regularly indicates the subjunctive by inflexion, and you should learn to recognise subjunctive forms.
Strong and weak verbs
As in MnE, verbs may be ‘strong' (forming their past tense by vowel-change) or ‘weak' (forming their past tense by adding -d-); but in OE, the proportion of strong verbs is higher. You should concentrate particularly on the endings of these forms.
II. Verbal Paradigms: As in every other Gmc. language, the Old English verbal system had two principle divisions: the strong verbs (whose past-tense forms were formed via vowel gradation) and the weak verbs (whose past-tense forms were built by means of a suffix). In the Old English verbal system, moreover, there are only two tenses: past and non-past (i.e. present and future), there was no inflected passive voice (except the past passive hatte 'was called' < h'tan), three moods (indicative, imperative, and subjunctive. Verbs are inflected for person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular and plural) in addition to tense. Dual subjects are treated as plurals. There are two participles, a present and a past.
4."Weak" Verb classes: In contrast to the strong verbs and their ablaut, the weak verbs are primarily identified by the fact that they form the past tense by means of a suffix. The weak verbs, however, are further divided into three classes, depending on the relation ship between the infinitive and the past tense forms. In Wk. Class I, the infinitive ends in either -an or -ian, and always has an umlauted stem vowel, and the preterite suffix is either -ed- or -d-. Wk. Class II verbs, on the other hand, have infinitives which always end in -ian, but do not have umlauted stem vowels, and the preterite suffix is always -od-. The third class of weak verbs contains only four verbs: habban 'to have', libban 'to live', secgan 'to say', and hycgan 'to think'.
5. The verb 'to be' in Old English. Among all the anomolous verbs in OE, the most necessary, and most anomolous is 'to be', owing to the fact that it reflects three different PIE roots: *es- 'to be', *bh+- 'to become', and *wes- 'to remain, dwell'. The forms from *es- and the forms from *bh+- are distinguished from one another in that the b- forms can have a sense of futurity to them.
