VOWELS
Their main characteristic feature in this sphere is the treatment of the Indo-European short vowels o and a and the long vowels o and a.
Indo-European short o and a appear as short a languages.
IE Germanic
Russ. Яблоко germ. Apfel
Lat. Noctem goth. Nahts
Russ.ночь germ. Nacht
Indo-European long o and a appear as long o in Germanic languages:
IE Germanic IE Germanic
Lat. Frater goth. Broar lat. Flos OE bloma
Greek. Phrator rOE bro
Thus, as a result of these changes, there was neither a short o nor a long a in Germanic languages. Later on these sounds appeared from different sources.
Another phenomenon common for Germanic languages is gradation or ablaut- root vowel change in strong verbs etc.
CONSONANTS
The consonants in Germanic languages are characterized by a number of specific traits which constitute what is perhaps the most remarkable feature of the group. At first sight it may appear that Germanic consonants are similar to those of other Indo-European languages. Yet, comparison of Germanic and non-Germanic words going back to the same Indo-European root shows that Germanic consonants do not correspond to the same consonants in other languages. Thus whenever we have the sound (p) in Latin or Russian, we find (f) in its place in parallel words from Germanic languages. On the other hand, wherever Germanic has (p), non-Germanic have (b) ex. Sleep and слабеть.
It appears that Germanic languages display regular correspondences of consonants with non-Germanic languages: voiceless consonants occur instead of voiced, ex. (p), (b), fricatives instead of plosives (f), (p).
These correspondences appeared as a result of specifically Germanic tendencies in the development of consonants. Sometimes the alterations were independent, at other times they were caused by phonetics conditions and took place only in certain positions. The most remarkable change, which affected the greatest number of consonants, refers to the Common Germanic period, its results are therefore to be found in all the languages of the group.
