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РЕГИСТРАЦИЯ ЭКСКУРСИЯ

I семестр:
» Грамматика английского языка
» 2.the subject. It as the subject of the sentence
» 3.the definition of the predicate. the simple pred
» 4.the predicative. The compound verbal predicate.
» 5.the agreement of the predicate with the subject.
» 6. the object.
» 7. The attribute. The apposition as a special kind
» 8. the adverbial modifier.
» 9. the detached parts of the sentence. The indepen
» 10. word order. The general remarks. Inverted orde
» 11. word order. Position of the object. Position o
» 12. the compound sentence. The general notion of t
» 13. object clauses. Attributive clauses.
» 14. adverbial clauses. Parenthetical clauses.
» 15. the sequence of tenses.
» 17. punctuation
» 18. the noun
» 19. the morphological characteristics of the noun:
» 20. the adjective
» 21. the adverb. The modal words.
» 22. the pronoun. Classification of pronouns.
» 23. the numeral.
» 24. the particle. The conjunction. Classifications

12. the compound sentence. The general notion of the complex sentence. Subject clauses. Predicative clauses.

A compound sentence is a sentence which consists of two or more clauses coordinated with each other. A clause is part of a sentence which has a subject and a predicate of its own.

In a compound sentence the clauses may be connected:

(a) syndetically, i. e. by means of coordinating conjunctions (and, or, else, but, etc.) or conjunctive adverbs (otherwise, however, nevertheless, yet, still, therefore, etc.).

(He knew there were excuses for his father, yet he felt sick at heart. )

(b) asyndetically, i. e. without a conjunction or conjunctive adverb.

(The rain fell softly, the house was quiet.)

We can distinguish the following types of coordination:

1. Copulative coordination (соединительная связь), expressed by the conjunctions and, nor, neither ... nor, not only ... but (also). With the help of these conjunctions the statement expressed in one clause is simply added to that expressed in another.

(Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily, and there were many new words in his vocabulary.)

2. Disjunctive coordination (разделительная связь) expressed by the conjunctions or, else, or else, either... or, and the conjunctive adverb otherwise. By these a choice is offered between the statements expressed in two clauses.

(A painter has to be forbidding, Dad, otherwise people would think he was cadging.)

3. Adversative coordination (противительная связь) expressed by the conjunctions but, while,1 whereas and the conjunctive adverbs nevertheless, still, yet. These are conjunctions and adverbs connecting two clauses contrasting in meaning.

(I was not unhappy, not much afraid, yet I wept.)

4. Causative-consecutive coordination (причинно-следственная связь) expressed by the conjunctions for, so and the conjunctive adverbs therefore, accordingly, consequently, hence.

For introduces coordinate clauses explaining the preceding statement. Therefore, so, consequently, hence, accordingly introduce coordinate clauses denoting cause, consequence and result

(After all, the two of them belonged to the same trade, so talk was easy and happy between them.)

A complex sentence consists of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses.

Clauses in a complex sentence may be linked in two ways:

1. Syndetically, i. e. by means of subordinating conjunctions or connectives.

There is a difference between a conjunction and a connective. A conjunction only serves as a formal element connecting separate clauses, whereas a connective serves as a connecting link and has at the same time a syntactic function in the subordinate clause it introduces.

(More and more, she became convinced that some misfortune had overtaken Paul-CONJUNCTION)

(All that he had sought for and achieved seemed suddenly to have no meaning-CONNECTIVE)

2. Asyndetically, i. e. without a conjunction or connective.

(I wish you had come earlier)

A subordinate clause may follow, precede, or interrupt the principal clause.

(His steps quickened as he set out for the hotel.

As the family had no visitors that day, its four members dined alone together.)

(It was dull and dreary enough, when the long summer evening closed in, on that Saturday night.)

A complex sentence may contain two or more homogeneous clauses coordinated with each other.

(They were all obstinately of opinion that the poor girl had stolen the moonstone, and that she had destroyed herself in terror of being found out.)

A subordinate clause may be subordinated to the principal clause or to another subordinate clause. Accordingly we distinguish subordinate clauses of the first, second, third, etc. degree of subordination.

(He never asked why Erik was giving up academic work.)

4. Subject clauses perform the function of subject to the predicate of the principal clause. Attention should be paid to the peculiar structure of the principal clause, which in this case has no subject, the subordinate clause serving as such.

(What I want to do is to save us both.)

If a subject clause follows the principal clause the so-called introductory it is used in the principal clause.

(It was always possible that they might encounter some one.)

Subject clauses are connected with the principal clause in the following way’s;

(a) by means of the conjunctions that, if, whether.

(It was unfortunate that the patient was brought in during the evening.)

(b) by means of the connectives who, which, what, whoever, whatever (conjunctive pronouns); where, when, how, why (conjunctive adverbs).

(What was done could not be undone.)

(c) asyndetically.

(It is a pity her brother should be quite a stranger to her.)

Subject clauses are not separated from the principal clause by a comma except when we have two or more subject clauses coordinated with each other.

(Who her mother was, and how she came to die in that forlorn-ness, were questions that often pressed on Eppie’s mind.)

Predicative clauses perform the function of a predicative. The peculiarity of complex sentences with a predicative clause is that in the principal clause we find only part of the predicate, i. e. a link verb, which together with the predicative clause forms a compound nominal predicate.

Predicative clauses are connected with the principal clause in the following ways:

(a) by means of the conjunctions that, if, whether, as if.

(Our attitude simply is that facts are facts.)

(b) by means of the connectives who, which, what (conjunctive pronouns), where, when, how, why (conjunctive adverbs).

(That was why you were not one bit frightened.)

(c) asyndetically.

(Another thing... was they had nurse Andrews staying on with them that week.)

As a rule predicative clauses are not separated by a comma; a comma is used if we have two or more predicative clauses coordinated with each other.

(But the chief reason is, that Mirah will desire to watch over you, and that you ought to give her the guardianship of a brother’s presence.)


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