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I семестр:
» Грамматика английского языка
» 2.the subject. It as the subject of the sentence
» 3.the definition of the predicate. the simple pred
» 4.the predicative. The compound verbal predicate.
» 5.the agreement of the predicate with the subject.
» 6. the object.
» 7. The attribute. The apposition as a special kind
» 8. the adverbial modifier.
» 9. the detached parts of the sentence. The indepen
» 10. word order. The general remarks. Inverted orde
» 11. word order. Position of the object. Position o
» 12. the compound sentence. The general notion of t
» 13. object clauses. Attributive clauses.
» 14. adverbial clauses. Parenthetical clauses.
» 15. the sequence of tenses.
» 17. punctuation
» 18. the noun
» 19. the morphological characteristics of the noun:
» 20. the adjective
» 21. the adverb. The modal words.
» 22. the pronoun. Classification of pronouns.
» 23. the numeral.
» 24. the particle. The conjunction. Classifications

11. word order. Position of the object. Position of the attribute. Position of adverbial modifies.

The usual position of the object in declarative sentences is after the predicate). However, in exclamatory sentences the direct object may occupy the first place.

(What wonderfully blue eyes you have, Ernest!)

This position of the object generally does not cause inversion, except in poetry, high prose, and negative exclamatory sentences.

(Passage after passage did he explore, room after room did he peep into!)

I. The usual place of the attribute expressed by an adjective, noun, pronoun, or participle is before the word it modifies.

(What extraordinary ideas you have about the way to behave to a woman!)

II. Post-position of the attribute.

There are some cases when the post-position of the attribute is its normal place, i. e. when it is not emphatic.

1. Most adjectives in ‑able and ‑ible are generally placed after the noun, especially when the noun is preceded by the adjective only or an adjective in the superlative degree: sufferings unspeakable, the only person visible, with all the solemnity possible, the most interesting thing imaginable.

However, a few adjectives with the same suffixes stand before the noun they modify.

(She is a sensible little girl.)

2. In some stock phrases the adjective is placed after the noun:

wealth untold — несметные богатства

from times immemorial — с незапамятных времен

a poet laureate — поэт-лауреат

generations unborn — грядущие поколения

court martial — военно-полевой суд

sum total — общая сумма

four years running — четыре года подряд

the first person singular — первое лицо единственного числа

the second person plural — второе лицо множественного числа

3. The adjectives proper (собственно, как таковой) and present (присутствующий) are placed after the noun.

(All the people present welcomed Paul Robeson enthusiastically.)

These meanings of proper and present are not to be confused with the meanings of proper and present when used in pre-position, e. g.:

(This is not a proper answer to a question of this kind.)

4. Attributes expressed by cardinal numerals denoting the place of the object in a series always follow the noun modified. No article is used in this case: page ten, tram number six, room two.

5. Adjectives stand after indefinite and negative pronouns.

(I’d like to read something very interesting.)

6. Attributes expressed by prepositional phrases follow the noun modified.

(As a gesture of proud defiance he had named his son Francis Nicholas.)

An adverbial modifier hardly ever separates the direct object from the predicate. It stands either before the predicate or after the direct object.

(Helen heard me patiently to the end.)

1. An adverbial modifier of time is generally placed either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

(Probably we shall try tomorrow.)

Adverbial modifiers expressed by the adverbs now and then can be placed in nearly any position.

(Indeed, anything untoward was now sedulously kept from James)

2. An adverbial modifier of place generally stands either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

(Geodin led the guests into the parlour.)

3. The place of the adverbial modifier of frequency is more fixed than that of other adverbial modifiers which enjoy a certain freedom of position. As a rule they precede the predicate verb in a simple tense form but follow the verb to be and all the modal verbs. In a compound tense form they follow the first auxiliary.

(No one ever loved me.)

However, when they are emphasized they stand before the verb to be.

(It will never be Frank! It can’t be!)

However, sometimes and generally may be placed either before or after the verb.

(And I got so lonely here sometimes.)

In interrogative sentences adverbial modifiers of frequency come immediately after the subject

(Did you ever have shoes like that?)

Adverbial modifiers of frequency sometimes occupy the first place. This position generally does not cause inversion.

(Often he had asked her to come and pass judgement on his junk.)

4. The most frequent position of an adverbial modifier of manner is after the predicate if the verb is intransitive, and after the direct object if the verb is transitive.

(Cokane shakes hands effusively with Sartorius.)

An adverbial modifier of manner generally stands between the predicate-verb and the prepositional indirect object though it is also found after the object.

(She leaned lightly against his shoulder.)

Very often, however, an adverbial modifier of manner expressed by an adverb stands immediately before the predicate.

(which he himself so earnestly desired to quit.)

In compound tense forms an adverbial modifier of manner expressed by an adverb generally comes after the last auxiliary.

(Mr. Ernest has been suddenly called back to town.)

5. Adverbial modifiers of degree always precede the predicate; if the verb is in a compound tense-form they follow the first auxiliary.

(I entirely agree with you.)

6. An adverbial modifier of degree expressed by the adverb enough generally follows the adjective it modifies, but may follow or precede a noun.

(He is clever enough but very lazy.)

When enough modifies a noun it may either follow or precede it.

(I have time enough to do it)

It should be borne in mind that whereas in Russian the word пожалуйста may occupy any position, in English the word please can either begin the sentence or finish it.

(Пожалуйста, принесите мне книгу.)

(Please, bring me the book.)

(Bring me the book, please.)


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