а)GLOTTALSTOP The glottal stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis. In some languages, this is a separate consonant sound, but in English we often use it with d, t, k, g, b or p when one of those sounds happens at the end of a word or syllable. We close the vocal cords very sharply and make the air stop for just a moment. We don't let the air escape. This glottal stop is the last sound of these words: light, flight, put, take, make, trip, report. multisyllable words: stoplight, apartment, backseat, assortment , workload, upbeat. phrases: right now, talk back , cook the books, hate mail, fax machine, back-breaking. It can also be heardin wordsand syllables that end in t + a vowel + n. The vowel is not pronounced at all, so we say the t + n: button, cotton, kitten, Clinton, continent, forgotten.; б)NO GLOTTAL STOP In speech words are not separated, people link them together. When one word ends in a consonant and the next word begins with a vowel and there is no pause between the joining words no glottal stop is observed at the word-junction, i.e. the linked words are pronounced smoothly, e.g. an apple, what is it, not at all. There is also no glottal stop at the word-junction when one word ends in a vowel, the next word begins with a vowel and there is no pause between the joining words, e.g. every hour, you ache, the entrance. No hard attackis observed before vowels starting words, e.g. apple, Ann, eagle, only, etc.
в)LINKING [r] The constrictive sonorant [r] is used to separate vowel sounds when there is letter R at the end of the first word. When such a word is in isolation or before a consonant the final R is not pronounced, e.g. far [fa:], far from home [ʹfa: frəmʹhəʊm]. The linking [r] is pronounced when a word ending in the letter R occurs before a word beginning with a vowel and there is no pause between the joining words, e.g. far away [ʹfa:rəʹwei], far out [ʹfa:rʹaʊt]. When there is no letter R in spelling, the inserted [r] is called the intrusive [r], e.g. I saw Alice [ai ʹsͻ:r ʹəlιs]. Learners ofEnglish are not recommended to use the intrusive [r].
