8. Реформы Александра II: цели, содержание, последствия

Во второй половине XIX в. проводится комплекс реформ, предпринимается попытка от традиционного к индустриальному обществу. (Сменивший Николая I в феврале 1855 г. но­вый император Александр II (1855 - 1881) отчетливо понимал не­обходимость либеральных реформ в различных областях государ­ственной и общественной жизни.)

Отмена крепостного права. Первой и самой главной рефор­мой Александра II стала отмена крепостного права 19 февраля 1861 г.

19 февраля 1861 г – царь принял манифест, в котором провозгласил  свободу крестьянам. Теперь они были независимы от помещиков. Могли владеть движимым и недвижимым имуществом. Главное крестьян – земля, а она  сохранялась у помещиков, но гос-во выкупала земли у помещиков и продавала крестьянам на условиях: 20 % от цены земли крестьян должен был платить сразу, а остальную сумму в течение 49 лет с % ставкой. Таким образом, крестьяне получив свободу, попадали под владения гос-ва.

Сам факт отмены крепостного права имел положительные моменты:

·         Крестьяне могли реализовать себя в любой сфере деятельности

·         Начал активно формироваться рынок свободной рабочей силы, а это создало благоприятное условие для развития  фабрично-заводского производства

·         Создавались благоприятные условия для развития рыночных отношений, не только в промышленности, но и в аграрном центре: земля-становилась предметом купли-продажи. А крестьяне, которые не могли купить земли брали в аренду.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Реформы Александра II: Отмена крепостного права инициировала проведение и дру­гих реформ: земской (1864), судебной (1864), городской (1870), военной (1864 - 1874).

Наиболее важное влияние на систему го­сударственного управления оказали земская, городская и судеб­ная реформы. Так, земская и городская реформы привели к со­зданию всесословных органов местного самоуправления: земс­ких учреждений в губерниях и уездах, дум и управ в городах.

Судебная система:

·         Суд для всех(бессословный суд, за исключением военных)

·         Созидателный судебный процесс(прокурор-адвокат)

·         Создается суд присяжных и тем самым общество контролирует судебный процесс

Военная реформа:

·         Отменяются рекрутские наборы (морфлот-7 лет служили)

·         Сокращается численность армии (армия становится мобильной)

·         Отменяется цензура

·         Вводится в системе образования выборность ректора и декана

После отмены крепостного права  Александром II реформаторская деятель­ность продолжалась: результате земской реформы 1864 со­зданы выборные органы местного самоуправления (земства) в губерниях и уездах, приняты положения о начальных на­родных училищах и устав для средней школы. В 1870 осуществлена городская реформа (расширены права выборных орга­нов городского самоуправления).

Реформы 1860-70-х гг. стали результатом своеобразного компромисса между либералами-реформаторами и консерваторами. Отмена крепостно­го права и другие реформы 1860-70-х гг. создали условия для разви­тия капиталистических отношений, ускоренной модернизации экономики страны. Однако преобразования мало коснулись социально-политической сферы: оставались незыблемыми самодержавие, помещичье землевладение, сословное деление общества, сохранялись пережитки крепостничества, тор­мозившие процесс поступательного развития страны. По мере развития стра­ны это противоречие углублялось и становилось причиной социальных ка­таклизмов.

Реформы 1860 - 1870-х гг., несмотря на их ограниченность и половинчатость, имели очень важное значение для развития страны и означали первый крупный шаг по пути к буржуазной монархии.