~~Interactions in Electrolyte Solutions
Interactions in Electrolyte Solutions - раздел Образование, Part One THE PREDICATE In A Solution Of An Electrolyte, It Is Often Ncccssary To Have A Detailed Kno...
In a solution of an electrolyte, it is often ncccssary to have a detailed knowledge of the spccics present. New ions or uncharged molcculcs resulting from interactions in the solution may behave quite differently from the constituent ions of the clcctrolytc. Some properties of the solutions will be profoundly affected, and the chcmist, in order to understand these phenomena, will require to know the nature of the spccics present. There arc a number of formidable difficulties in the analysis of such systems and, during the past forty years or so, a great deal of work has been done on the problem. The equilibrium properties of clcctrolytc solutions and the way in which ion-pair and complex formation can be detected and quantitatively studied arc of primary importance. Although the application of new physical and chcmical methods has produced significant contributions in this field, the information obtained from measurements of a system at equilibrium is to some extent limited, and in studying the phenomenon it is desirable to know the relevant kinetic parameters. Without this understanding, it is sometimes impossible to sketch the actual reaction mechanism by which the system approaches equilibrium. In general, wc may regard the elucidation of the structure of an clcctrolytc solution as a difficult problem which requires as many independent lines of attack as possible.
A good deal of success in the study of molcculcs in the gas phase prompted chemists to attempt to build up theories of solutions in an analogous way. The classical theories regarded the solvent as merely providing space in which the solute particles moved and interactions between the ions and the solvent molcculcs were ncglcctcd. This D assumption can be questioned on the basis of even the most elementary electrostatic considerations.
As long ago as 1833, both Faraday and Danicll concluded that electrolysis took placc through the transport of electricity by mobile charged particles or ions which were discharged at the electrodes. These ions were produced simply by dissolving the clcctrolytc in the solvent and so the conccpt of bond-breaking in the molcculcs of clcctrolytc was first established. It is now realized that the energy required for such a proccss comes from die solvation of the ions. When the ions arc introduced into solution, they interact with solvent molcculcs and a considerable heat of solvation may be involved. In order to understand such concepts, it is necessary to have a more detailed picture of the structure of the solvent molcculcs. Although non-aqueous solutions arc of considerable interest, much of the work has been done in aqueous systems and these continue to be of paramount importance.
