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11.Affixation in English. Types of affixes.

 

Within the parts of speech suffixes have been classified semantically, according to lexico-grammatical groups and semantic fields, and according to the types of stems they are added to.

Noun-forming suffixes: -age (bondage, breakage, mileage, vicarage); -ance -ence (assistance, reference); -ant -ent (disinfectant, student); -dom (kingdom, freedom, officialdom); -ее (employee); -eer (profiteer); -er (writer, type-writer); -ess (actress, lioness); -hood (manhood); -ing (building, meaning, washing); -ion -sion -tion -ation (rebellion, tension, creation, explanation); -ism -icism (heroism, criticism); -ist (novelist, communist); -ment (government, nourishment); -ness (tenderness); -ship (friendship); -(i)ty (sonority).

Adjective-forming suffixes: -able -ible -uble (unbearable, audible, soluble); -al (formal); -ic (poetic); -ical (ethical); -ant -ent (repentant, dependent); -ary (revolutionary); -ate-ete (accurate, complete); -ed -d (wooded); -ful (delightful); -an -ian (African, Australian); -ish (Irish, reddish, childish); -ive (active); -less (useless); -like (lifelike); -ly (manly); -ous -ious (tremendous, curious); -some (tiresome); -y (cloudy, dressy).

Numeral-forming suffixes: -fold (twofold); -teen (fourteen); -th (seventh); -ty (sixty).

Verb-forming suffixes: -ate (facilitate); -er (glimmer); -en (shorten); -fy -ify (terrify, speechify, solidify); -ise -ize (equalise); -ish (establish).

Adverb-forming suffixes: -ly (coldly); -ward -wards (upward, northwards); -wise (likewise).

If we change our approach and become interested in the lexico-grammatical meaning the suffixes serve to signalise, we obtain within each part of speech more detailed lexico-grammatical classes or subclasses.

Taking up nouns we can subdivide them into proper and common nouns. Among common nouns we shall distinguish personal names, names of other animate beings, collective nouns, falling into several minor groups, material nouns, abstract nouns and names of things.

Abstract nouns are signalled by the following suffixes: -age, -ance -ence, -ancy -ency, -dom, -hood, -ing, -ion -tion -ation, -ism, -ment, -ness, -ship, -th, -ty.

Personal nouns that are emotionally neutral occur with the following suffixes: -an (grammarian), -ant -ent (servant, student), -arian (vegetarian), -ее (examinee), -er (porter), -ician (musician), -ist (linguist), -ite (sybarite), -or (inspector), and a few others.

Feminine suffixes may be classed as a subgroup of personal noun suffixes. These are few and not frequent: -ess (actress), -ine (heroine), -rix (testatrix), -ette (cosmonette).

There may be other variants, however, whose different meaning will be signalled by a difference in distribution, and these will belong to some other lexico-grammatical class. 

Alongside with adding some lexico-grammatical meaning to the stem, certain suffixes charge it with emotional force. They may be derogatory: -ard (drunkard), -ling (underling); -ster (gangster), -ton (simpleton).

Derivational morphemes affixed before the stem are called prefixes.

Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the stem, but in so doing they seldom affect its basic lexico-grammatical component.  Therefore both the simple word and its prefixed derivative mostly belong to the same part of speech. 

The semantic effect of a prefix may be termed adverbial because it modifies the idea suggested by the stem for manner, time, place, degree and so on. The prefix mis- is equivalent to the adverbs wrongly and badly. The prefixes pre- and post- refer to time and order, e. g. historic :: pre-historic.

The prefix de- occurs in many neologisms, such as decentralise (децентрализовать), decontaminate (дезактивировать).

The meaning of a prefix is not so completely fused with the meaning of the primary stem as is the case with suffixes, but retains a certain degree of semantic independence.

Borrowed affixes is only parts of loan words. To enter the morphological system of the English language a borrowed affix has to satisfy certain conditions. The borrowing of the affixes is possible only if the number of words containing this affix is considerable, if its meaning and function are definite and clear enough, and also if its structural pattern corresponds to the structural patterns already existing in the language.

It should be noted that many of the borrowed affixes are international and occur not only in English but in several other European languages as well.


14.01.2014; 23:44
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