25.Modern approaches to analyzing syntactic units: pragmatics, discourse analysis, cognitive linguistics.

Pragmatic approach can be described as the study of the way language units are used in particular contexts to achieve writer’s or speaker’s goals to influence the interlocutor, the situation. This approach is connected with Speech act theory by Austin, which presupposes that an utterance can be said with dif. intentions and thereof can influence the speaker and the situation in dif. ways. Within this theory there was given a classification of speech acts:

Assertive – describe states or events in the world (F.e. Columbus discovery of America)
Directives – when the sentence tries to make the addressers to perform a certain action(F.e. Stop talking)
Commissives – committee the speaker to a future action (F.e. I’ll write you a letter)
Expressers – express the speaker’s feelings, emotions (F.e. I’m sorry)
Declarations – change the reality (F.e. I declare war)

Discourse Analysis focuses on the study of language in use with reference to social and psychological factor that influences on communication.
Cognitive Syntax is based on the asomption(припущення) that synt. units reflect our way of perceeding the world and accordingly the meaning of the utterance is also a product of the interaction between this utterance and the human beings knowledge bases.