11.Syntactic functions of the gerund.

Subject, trans. into ukr. by the means of the noun(F.e. Measuring temperature is necessary). The subject stands on postposition in the sentence opening with an introductory It [It is no point, It is useless, There is no point, It is no good, It is worth](F.e. It is no point in running back).
Predicative – in this function the gerund is used after link verb to be, and sometimes with prepositions [for, against](F.e. All you need is having a good sleep; I’m against being sent to school).
A part of a compound verbal predicate(CVP)

When the gerund is used with the verbs denoting the beginning, continuation and the end of an action, it forms a CVaspectP – [to go on, keep on, finish, leave off, stop, burst out, begin, start]. With the verbs and phrases denoting modality, the gerund forms CmodalP – [can’t help doing, intend doing, need, want, require, deserve].

The gerund can be used as a direct or prepositional object(F.e. I’m fond of reading::I’m used to being talked to like that).
Attribute – in this function the gerund modifies nouns always preceded by a preposition(F.e. She found an opportunity of going there).
Adverbial modifier - the gerund in this function is usually preceded by a preposition:

Of time – on, upon, after, before, in, at(F.e. At hearing that news she turned pale)
Of manner – by, in(F.e. He improved his essay by proof-reading).
Attending circumstances – without, besides, instead of, apart from(F.e. Besides being clever she’s beautiful).
Purpose – for, for the purpose of, with the object of, with a view to.(F.e. She interrupted him for asking a question).
Condition – without, in case of, in the event of, but for(F.e. You can’t speak correct English without knowing grammar).
Reason/Cause – for, for fear of, owing to, because of, on account of(F.e. She couldn’t fall asleep for warring).
Concession – in spite of, despite(F.e. In spite of being left alone he succeeded)