The grammatical category of mood.

The category of MOOD is the most controversial category of the verb. 
The category of MOOD expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the 
actual reality, either presenting the process as a fact that really happened, happens or will happen, or treating it as an 
imaginary phenomenon, i.e. the subject of a hypothesis (предположение), speculation (размышление), desire. 
OPPOSITION 
1. Strong member (Forms of oblique mood meaning, i.e. those of unreality) 
2. Weak member (Forms of direct mood meaning, i.e. those of reality) 
Division of moods: 
1. indicative (actually taking place) 
2. conditional (merely imaginary) 
One of the important differences between the indicative and the other moods is that the meaning of “tense” does 
not go with the meanings of subjunctive mood and imperative mood. “Tense” reflects the real time of a real action. 
The imperative and the subjunctive moods represent the action as real, but as desired or imagined, and the notions of 
real time are discarded. 
Number of MOODS: 
 Ilyish 3 MOODS (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)- meaning form; 
 M.Deutschbein: 16 MOODS а functional approach; 
 Prof. Smirnitsky (+ O.S.Akhmanova, M.Gashina, N.Vasilevskaya): 6 MOODS (indicative, imperative, 
subjunctive I, subjunctive II, suppositional, conditional) - form и meaning; 
 L.S.Barhudarov, D.A. Shteling: 2 MOODS (indicative, subjunctive); 
 G.N.Vorontsova: 4 MOODS (indicative, optative, speculative, presumptive). 
Subjunctive MOOD includes forms homonymous with Past and Past Perfect, but they differ in time correlation 
and absence of time as such. 
2. Language means of expressing the theme and the rheme (рема; часть предл. дающ. инф. о теме). 
Many languages, like English, resort to different means in order to signal a new topic, such as: 
- Stating it explicitly as the subject (which tends to be considered more topic-like by the speakers). 
- Using passive voice to transform an object into a subject (for the above reason). 
- Emphasizing the topic using clefting. 
- Through periphrastic constructions like "As for...", "Speaking of...", etc. 
- Using left dislocation (called topic fronting or topicalization, i. e. moving the topic to the beginning of the 
sentence). 
Examples: 
The dog bit the little girl. 
The little girl was bitten by the dog. 
It was the little girl that the dog bit. 
Speaking of the girl, she was bitten by the dog. 
The little girl, the dog bit her. 
Means to express the rheme include: a particular word order with a specific 
intonation contour ['kɔntuə], an emphatic construction, a contrastive complex, intensifying 
particles, the indefinite article, ellipsis, and graphical means. 
Examples: 
They found the report extremely valuable. – Extremely valuable they found 
the report. 
It is the report that I need. 
I need the report, not the statistical data. 
I need only the report. 
The orchestra greeted the guests at the entrance. – There was an orchestra 
greeting the guests at the entrance. 
Where are you going? – To the movies. 
Please be careful. – I am being careful. 
3. Analyze the sentences.