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Latin borrowings in English . The role and place of borrowings in the English word-stock.

  1.  

Primarily there were continental Latin borrowings, that the tribes of Jutes, Angles and Saxons acquired from the contacts with a higher civilization when they still lived on the continent (cup, cheese, butter, mill, line, ounce, pipe, pound, wine).

  • In the early period of Old English there were the other group of borrowings from Latin. Though the barbaric invaders – tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes – tried to annihilate (избавляться, истреблять, уничтожать) all the remnants of Roman culture, they borrowed into their language via Celtic about 450 Latin words that were already in wide use in England (port, street, mile, mountain, the elementchester or caster, retained in many names of towns).
  • Insular borrowings from Celtic and Latin made up only about 3% of the vocabulary of Engelisck, or Old English.
  • So, the 7thcentury AD Old English consisted of words of common Indo-European and Germanic roots, as well as borrowings from Celtic, continental and early insular borrowings from Latin. All these words may be regarded as native in contrast to later borrowings that came into the language along with great changes in the life of England's people, and first of all, the conversion of Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. This caused the first really extensive wave of borrowings from Latin into English.
  • The conversion of the English to Christianity began in about the year 600 and was completed in the 7lhcentury. As a result Latin and Greek words appeared such asaltar, bishop, creed, devil, school, church, priest, disciple, psalm, temple, nun, etc.). It is interesting to note that native, pagan, Anglo-Saxon words likeGod, godspell, hlaford, andsynn showed a strong resistance to loan words, though they were not related to Christianity.
  • The Renaissance period (1500-1650) was marked by significant developments in science, art and culture, especially a revival of interest in ancient civilization. Many texts were translated into English from Latin, Greek, Italian and lots of words from these languages were introduced to English (allegro, anachronism, capacity, catastrophe, celebrate, chronology, confidence, contract, criterion, dogma, epic, expend, fertile, granite, laconic, museum, native, opera, piano, portico, soprano, sarcasm, andsystem).
  • Words coined from Greek or Latin roots — the longest and usually most difficult words in the English vocabulary where alongside with well familiar photograph, telephone there are many special terms likeotorhinolaryngology orsphygmomanometer. The longest word registered in English texts so far isnocalcalinocetaceoaluminosocupreovitriolic.

Among the borrowings in the English word-stock there are words that are easily recognized as foreign (such as decollete, Zeitgeist, graff to and there are others that have become so thoroughly assimilated that it is ex¬tremely difficult to distinguish them from native English words.(There words like street, city, master, river).
Unassimilated words differ from assimilated words in their pronun¬ciation, spelling, semantic structure, frequency and sphere of application. However there is no distinct borderline between the two groups. Neither are there more or less comprehensive criteria for determining the degree of assimilation. Still it is evident that the degree of assimilation depends on the length of the time the word has been used in the receiving language, on its importance and its frequency and the way of borrowing (words borrowed orally are assimilated more completely and rapidly than those adopted through writing). According to the degree of assimilation three groups of borrowings can be suggested: completely assimilated bor¬rowings, partially assimilated borrowings and unassimilated borrow¬ings or barbarisms.


24.05.2016; 18:02
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