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19.The adjective. Definition. Morphological and syntactic characteristics.

Semantic features. The adjective expresses the property of an entity.

Typically, adjectives denote states, usually permanent states, although there are

also adjectives which can denote temporary states. Adjectives are characteristically

stative, but many of them can be seen as dynamic. The stative property of an entity

is a property that cannot be conceived as a developing process, and the dynamic

property of an entity is a property that is conceived as active, or as a developing

process.

eg. John is very tall. vs.*John is being very tall today

John is very careful today (unemphatic). vs. John is being careful today

(emphatic).

Morphological features. Derivationally, adjectives are related either to

nouns or verbs. Suffixes changing nouns to adjectives are: - (i)al, -ar, -ary or –ery,

-ed, -en, -esque, -ful, -ic(al), -ish, -istic, -less, -like, -ly, -ous, -ward, -wide, -y.

Suffixes changing verbs to adjectives are: -able or –ible, -ent or –ant, -ed, -ing, -

ive, -(at)ory.

Syntactic features. In the sentence, the adjective performs the functions of

an attribute (an adjunct) and a predicative. Of the two, the more typical function is

that of an attribute since the function of a predicative can also be performed by

other parts of speech.  59

Adjectives can sometimes be postpositive, that is, they can sometimes

follow the item they modify.

Adjectives can often function as heads of noun phrases. As such, they do not

inflect for number and for the genitive case and must take a definite determiner.

An adjective can function as a verbless clause (eg. Anxious, he dialed the

number).


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