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4. Grammar, its subject and methods.

The following course of theoretical grammar serves to describe the grammatical structure of the English language as a system where all parts are interconnected. The difference between theoretical and practical grammar lies in the fact that practical grammar prescribes certain rules of usage and teaches to speak (or write) correctly whereas theoretical grammar presents facts of language, while analyzing them, and gives no prescriptions.

Unlike school grammar, theoretical grammar does not always produce a ready-made decision. In language there are a number of phenomena interpreted differently by different linguists. To a great extent, these differences are due to the fact that there exist various directions in linguistics, each having its own method of analysis and, therefore, its own approach to the matter. But sometimes these differences arise because some facts of language are difficult to analyze, and in this case the only thing to offer is a possible way to solve the problem, instead of giving a final solution. It is due to this circumstance that there are different theories of the same language phenomenon, which is not the case with practical grammar.

5. Morphological classification of languages. Synthetic (inflected) and analytic languages. English as an analytic language.

Morphology is a sub discipline of linguistics that studies word structure. While words are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most (if not all) languages, words can be related to other words by rules. Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies such rules across and within languages.

                        According to their grammatical structure languages can be synthetic (1 ) and analytical ( 2 ).In 1 – the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of the –i-, -n-, -f-, -t-.In 2 - the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of the form words and word order. 2 forms are mostly proper to verbs. Its form word has no lexical meaning and expresses different grammatical categories: mood, person, tense, voice, and a notional word ( infinitive or a participle). The 2 forms are:tense and aspect of the verb forms ( continuous, perfect, all future forms ).The passive voice.Subjunctive mood.However there are some synthetic features in English:endings -s- in 3rd person sing. In the Present Simple.endings –s in plural of nouns.endings –‘s in genitive case.endings – ed in the Past Simple.Inner flexions – woman – women, man – men, speak – spoke.The synthetic form of the subjunctive mood


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