Language in general and grammar in particular are materialized in structure. Language structure is represented by a level stratification of its units. This structure is of hierarchical character. Graphically the level stratification of language can be depicted by following table (scheme). Units of language. Units of language are divided into meaningless and meaningful. Examples of the first kind: phonemes, syllable Meaningful are morpheme, word and others. The latter are called – language signs. They have both planes: that of content and that of expression. They are signemes.
3. Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations.
Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic relations
A linguistic unit can enter into relations of two different kinds. It enters into paradigmatic relations with all the units -that can also occur in the same environment. are relations based on the principles of similarity. They exist between the units that can substitute one another. According to different principles of similarity PR can be of three types: semantic, formal and functional. Semantic PR are based on the similarity of meaning: a book to read = a book for reading. Formal PR are based on the similarity of forms. Such relations exist between the members of a paradigm: man - men; play - played'- will play ~ is playing. Functional PR are based on the similarity of function. They are established between the elements that can occur in the same position.
