The term loan-word is equivalent to borrowing. By translation-loans we indicate borrowings of a special kind. They are not taken into the vocabulary of another language more or less in the same phonemic shape in which they have been functioning in their own language, but undergo the process of translation. It is quite obvious that it is only compound words i. e. words of two or more stems which can be subjected to such an operation, each stem being translated separately: masterpiece from Germ. Meisterstuck, wonder child from Germ. Wunderkind, first dancer from Ital. prima-ballerina, collective farm from R. колхоз, five-year plan from R. пятилетка.
The Russian колхоз was borrowed twice, by way of translation-loan collective farm and by way of direct borrowing kolkhoz. The case is not unique. During the 2nd World War the German word Blitzkrieg was also borrowed into English in two different forms: the translation-loan lightning-war and the direct borrowings blitzkrieg and blitz.
