Borrowings — words taken from another language and modified according to the patterns of the receiving language. Borrowing words from other languages is characteristic of English throughout its history. Mostly they are words of Romanic origin Latin, French, Italian, Spanich.borrowed words are different from native once by their phonetic morphological structure and by the grammatical forms. English continues to take in foreign words but now the quantity of borrowings is not so abundant as it was before. English now has become a giving language. Phonetic borrowings are most characteristic in all languages. They are also called loan words — proper. Words are borrowed with their spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Translation loans are word-for-word or morpheme-for-morpheme of some foreign words and expressions. In such cases the notion is borrowed from a foreign language but it is expressed by native lexical units. Semantic borrowings are such units when a new meaning of the unit existing in the language is borrowed. It can happen when we have 2 relative languages which have common words with different meanings. There are semantic borrowings between Scandinavian English. Morphemic borrowings are borrowings of affixes. We can find a lot of Romanic affixes in the English word building system.
There are a lot of hybrids in English where different morphemes have different origin. e.g.: beautiful, goddess. Completely assimilated borrowings are not felt as foreign words. e.g. sport Fr..
Incompletely assimilated words: stress in it has been shifted from that last syllable to the last but one. Non-assimilated borrowings semantically because they denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from the language of which they were borrowed. e.g.: sari, kvass.
Borrowings non-assimilated grammatically: nouns borrowed from Latin ad Greek retain their plural forms.
Non-assimilated phonetically: with initial v, z.
Hybrids are words that are made up of elements derived from two or more different languages. e.g.: eatable, dentist. When a borrowed word becomes firmly established in the language it enables this word to be used as a stem combined with a native affix. e.g.: countless, senseless borrowed adj, + native suffix less. There also exist hybrid compound words. e.g.: schoolboard, blackguard. Affixes are borrowed as parts of words than singled out and added to the native stems. e.g.: suffix -nik borrowed after 1957 with sputnik is now used in other words: beatnik, folknik.
