Old English Period (600-1100)
Latin - 'apostle' 'caesar, emperor' 'city' 'chest' 'circle 'comet' 'master' 'martyr' 'paper'
Celtic - 'badger' 'combe, valley'
(few ordinary words, but thousands of place and river names: London, Carlisle, Devon, Dover, Cornwall, Thames, Avon...)
Middle English Period (1100-1500)
Scandinavian - anger, blight, by-law, cake, call, clumsy, doze, egg, fellow, gear,
get, give, hale, hit, husband, kick, kill, kilt, kindle, law, low, lump, rag, raise, root, scathe, scorch, score, scowl, scrape, scrub, seat, skill, skin, skirt, sky, sly, take, they, them, their, thrall, thrust, ugly, want, window, wing Place name suffixes: -by, -thorpe, -gate
French -
Law and government
attorney, bailiff, chancellor, chattel, country, court, crime, defendent, evidence, government, jail, judge, jury, larceny, noble, parliament, plaintiff, plea, prison, revenue, state, tax, verdict
Church
abbot, chaplain, chapter, clergy, friar, prayer, preach, priest, religion, sacrament, saint, sermon
Nobility:
baron, baroness; count, countess; duke, duchess; marquis, marquess; prince, princess; viscount, viscountess; noble, royal (contrast native words: king, queen, earl, lord, lady, knight, kingly, queenly)
Military
army, artillery, battle, captain, company, corporal, defense,enemy,marine, navy, sergeant, soldier, volunteer
Cooking
beef, boil, broil, butcher, dine, fry, mutton, pork, poultry, roast, salmon, stew, veal
Culture and luxury goods
art, bracelet, claret, clarinet, dance, diamond, fashion, fur, jewel, oboe, painting, pendant, satin, ruby, sculpture
Other
adventure, change, charge, chart, courage, devout, dignity, enamor, feign, fruit, letter, literature, magic, male, female, mirror, pilgrimage, proud, question, regard, special
Early Modern English Period (1500-1650)
Latin
agile, abdomen, anatomy, area, capsule, compensate, dexterity, discus, disc/disk, excavate, expensive, fictitious, gradual, habitual, insane, janitor, meditate, notorious, orbit, peninsula, physician, superintendent, ultimate, vindicate
Greek
(many of these via Latin) anonymous, atmosphere, autograph, catastrophe, climax, comedy, critic, data, ectasy, history, ostracize, parasite, pneumonia, skeleton, tonic, tragedy Greek bound morphemes: -ism, -ize
Arabic via Spanish
alcove, algebra, zenith, algorithm, almanac, azimuth, alchemy, admiral
Arabic via other Romance languages:
amber, cipher, orange, saffron, sugar, zero, coffee
Present-Day English (1650-present)
French
High culture
ballet, bouillabaise, cabernet, cachet, chaise longue, champagne, chic, cognac, corsage, faux pas, nom de plume, quiche, rouge, roulet, sachet, salon, saloon, sang froid, savoir faire
War and Military
bastion, brigade, battalion, cavalry, grenade, infantry, pallisade, rebuff, bayonet
Other
bigot, chassis, clique, denim, garage, grotesque, jean(s), niche, shock
French Canadian
chowder
Spanish
armada, adobe, alligator, alpaca, armadillo, barricade, bravado, cannibal, canyon, coyote, desperado, embargo, enchilada, guitar, marijuana, mesa, mosquito, mustang, ranch, taco, tornado, tortilla, vigilante
Italian
alto, arsenal, balcony, broccoli, cameo, casino, cupola, duo, fresco, fugue, gazette (via French), ghetto, gondola, grotto, macaroni, madrigal, motto, piano, opera, pantaloons, prima donna, regatta, sequin, soprano, opera, stanza, stucco, studio, tempo, torso, umbrella, viola, violin,
More recent words from Italian American immigrants:
cappuccino, espresso, linguini, mafioso, pasta, pizza, ravioli, spaghetti, spumante, zabaglione, zucchini
Dutch, Flemish
Shipping, naval terms
avast, boom, bow, bowsprit, buoy, commodore, cruise, dock, freight, keel, keelhaul, leak, pump, reef, scoop, scour, skipper, sloop, smuggle, splice, tackle, yawl, yacht
Cloth industry
bale, cambric, duck (fabric), fuller's earth, mart, nap (of cloth), selvage, spool, stripe
Art
easel, etching, landscape, sketch
War
beleaguer, holster, freebooter, furlough, onslaught
Food and drink
booze, brandy(wine), coleslaw, cookie, cranberry, crullers, gin, hops, stockfish, waffle
Other
bugger (orig. French), crap, curl, dollar, scum, split (orig. nautical term), uproar
German
bum, dunk, feldspar, quartz, hex, lager, knackwurst, liverwurst, loafer, noodle, poodle, dachshund, pretzel, pinochle, pumpernickel, sauerkraut, schnitzel, zwieback, (beer)stein, lederhosen, dirndl 20th century German loanwords: blitzkrieg, zeppelin, strafe, U-boat, delicatessen, hamburger, frankfurter, wiener, hausfrau, kindergarten, Oktoberfest, schuss, wunderkind, bundt (cake), spritz (cookies), (apple) strudel
Scandinavian
fjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbord
Russian
apparatchik, borscht, czar/tsar, glasnost, icon, perestroika, vodka
Words from other parts of the world
Sanskrit
avatar, karma, mahatma, swastika, yoga
Hindi
bandanna, bangle, bungalow, chintz, cot, cummerbund, dungaree, juggernaut, jungle, loot, maharaja, nabob, pajamas, punch (the drink), shampoo, thug, kedgeree, jamboree
Arabic
bedouin, emir, jakir, gazelle, giraffe, harem, hashish, lute, minaret, mosque, myrrh, salaam, sirocco, sultan, vizier, bazaar, caravan
African languages
banana (via Portuguese), banjo, boogie-woogie, chigger, goober, gorilla, gumbo, jazz, jitterbug, jitters, juke(box), voodoo, yam, zebra, zombie
